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Explore the world of Nicotine Shots with this comprehensive guide. Learn about various nicotine shot variations, their uses, and regulations in the UK. Expert insights and credible references included.
The world of vaping and e-cigarettes has witnessed a remarkable transformation in recent years, driven by advancements in technology, changes in consumer preferences, and evolving regulations. Central to this transformation is the advent of "nicotine shots" and their various keyword variations, which have revolutionized the way people consume nicotine and customize their vaping experience.
In this comprehensive guide, we embark on an informative journey through the realm of nicotine shots, their significance in the vaping landscape, and their particular relevance to the United Kingdom. We will delve into the intricacies of nicotine shots, exploring what they are, the array of keyword variations used to describe them, and the role they play in enabling individuals to control their nicotine intake with precision and convenience.
Nicotine shots, often known as "nicotine boosters" or other related terms like "nicotine base" and "nicotine concentrates," have not only become an integral component of the vaping culture but have also ignited discussions around regulations and health implications. Throughout this article, we will be sure to reference UK educational, governmental, and health institutions to ensure that the content remains both informative and in alignment with the regulatory landscape in the UK.
Understanding nicotine shots is crucial for anyone considering or already involved in the world of vaping, especially in the UK. This knowledge empowers vapers to make informed choices about their nicotine consumption and tailor their vaping experience to suit their preferences.
The UK, in particular, has a distinct and evolving market when it comes to vaping products, and nicotine shots play a pivotal role in this landscape. These products offer a cost-effective and customizable approach to nicotine delivery, which has contributed significantly to the thriving vaping culture in the country. Furthermore, staying compliant with UK regulations is of paramount importance, as they not only influence the availability of vaping products but also ensure the safety and well-being of consumers.
As we journey through this comprehensive guide, we will explore not only the terminology and practical aspects of nicotine shots but also the science behind nicotine strength, the distinctions between nicotine shots and pre-mixed e-liquids, and how to use these products safely and responsibly. Additionally, we will draw from the expertise of renowned vaping professionals and reference authoritative sources from the UK to provide a well-rounded understanding of this subject.
Nicotine shots, often interchangeably referred to as "nicotine boosters," "nicotine additives," or "nicotine concentrates," are a cornerstone of the vaping industry. These small but potent bottles contain a concentrated nicotine solution, typically unflavored, that vapers can add to their e-liquids. But why are they such an essential component of the vaping experience?
Nicotine shots serve a specific purpose: they allow vapers to modify the nicotine content of their e-liquids to achieve the desired strength. Whether you're a seasoned vaper looking to fine-tune your nicotine intake or someone who's transitioning from traditional cigarettes to vaping and needs a tailored nicotine level, nicotine shots offer a practical and efficient solution.
According to Ruether et al (2018), nicotine concentrations widely, but are typically from 3 to 20mg. The concentration you choose depends on your nicotine preference, and these shots come in handy for both high and low nicotine strength needs.
Nicotine shots are typically unflavored, ensuring they don't alter the taste of your e-liquid. This neutrality allows vapers to mix nicotine shots with a wide range of e-liquid flavors, maintaining the intended taste.
Nicotine shots can be mixed with a diverse selection of e-liquids, including those with different base flavors, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) ratios, and flavor profiles.
Using nicotine shots can be a more cost-effective approach compared to pre-mixed e-liquids. Vapers have the freedom to purchase larger bottles of nicotine-free e-liquids and customize them with the desired nicotine strength using nicotine shots.
While nicotine shots offer remarkable versatility and personalization in vaping, they require careful handling due to their highly concentrated nicotine content. It's imperative to exercise caution when using nicotine shots. Here are some safety guidelines to keep in mind:
When handling nicotine shots, especially if you're mixing them directly, it's advisable to wear protective gloves and eye protection to prevent accidental skin contact or splashes.
Nicotine e-liquid boosters should be stored in a secure place, far from the reach of children and pets. The concentrated nicotine in these bottles can be extremely harmful if ingested.
Properly label your DIY e-liquid bottles to indicate the nicotine strength and content to avoid any confusion, especially if you have various e-liquids with different nicotine concentrations.
Store nicotine shots in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight. Exposure to heat and light can degrade the nicotine over time.
In the UK, the sale and use of nicotine shots are subject to regulations, including age restrictions and packaging requirements. It is essential for vapers to be aware of and comply with these regulations to ensure a safe and enjoyable vaping experience while abiding by the law.
Nicotine strength is a fundamental aspect of vaping, and it's essential for vapers to have a clear understanding of what it entails. In the context of nicotine shots and their role in customizing e-liquids, understanding nicotine strength becomes even more crucial.
Nicotine strength, often expressed in milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), represents the concentration of nicotine in an e-liquid or, more specifically, in the resulting mix of e-liquid and nicotine shots. It determines the intensity of the throat hit and the overall nicotine delivery when you vape.
One of the primary reasons vapers in the UK and elsewhere use nicotine shots is to adjust the nicotine strength of their e-liquids. This process is relatively straightforward, but it requires some basic mathematical calculations.
To calculate the final nicotine strength of your e-liquid mix, you'll need to consider the nicotine strength of both your base e-liquid and the nicotine shot. Here's a simple formula:
Final Nicotine Strength (mg/ml) = (Nicotine Shot Strength (mg/ml) * Volume of Nicotine Shot Used) + (Base E-Liquid Strength (mg/ml) * Volume of Base E-Liquid Used) / Total Volume of the Mixture
For example, let's say you have a 10ml nicotine shot with a nicotine strength of 18mg/ml and 50ml of nicotine-free base e-liquid. If you add the entire 10ml nicotine shot to the base e-liquid, the calculation would look like this:
Final Nicotine Strength (mg/ml) = (18mg/ml * 10ml) + (0mg/ml * 50ml) / (10ml + 50ml)Final Nicotine Strength = (180mg) + (0mg) / 60ml = 3mg/ml
In this scenario, the final nicotine strength of your e-liquid mixture would be 3mg/ml. This level of customization is what makes nicotine shots so popular in the UK, as vapers can achieve their preferred nicotine concentration with precision.
The United Kingdom has stringent regulations governing the sale and use of vaping products, including nicotine shots. These regulations primarily focus on ensuring the safety and well-being of consumers. Some key points to consider regarding nicotine strength and UK regulations include:
According to MHRA, the maximum nicotine strength allowed for e-cigarettes and e-liquids is 20mg/ml. This is a significant factor to bear in mind when customizing your nicotine strength.
“The sale of vaping products, including nicotine shots, is typically restricted to individuals over the age of 18 in the UK. Retailers are legally obliged to verify the age of customers to prevent underage sales,” says lawyer Tautvydas Sutkus.
Nicotine shots must adhere to specific packaging requirements outlined by UK regulations. These include child-resistant packaging to prevent accidental ingestion by children and detailed labeling to provide consumers with essential information about the product.
Understanding these regulations and abiding by them is not only a legal obligation but also a matter of responsible and safe vaping. The UK's commitment to maintaining high safety standards in the vaping industry ensures that consumers can confidently enjoy their vaping experience.
The choice between nicotine bases and pre-mixed e-liquids is a crucial decision that every vaper must make. Each option has its unique advantages and disadvantages, and understanding the differences is vital for crafting the perfect vaping experience. In this section, we'll delve into the distinctions between nicotine shots and pre-mixed e-liquids, shedding light on the factors that influence this choice, and how it relates to the UK vaping market.
One of the most significant advantages of nicotine shots is the ability to customize your nicotine strength with precision. Vapers can fine-tune their e-liquids to their desired nicotine levels, accommodating both those who require a strong nicotine hit and those who prefer a milder experience. This flexibility is particularly valued by vapers in the UK, where personalization is a top priority.
Nicotine shots are often more cost-effective than pre-mixed e-liquids. By purchasing larger quantities of nicotine-free base e-liquid and adding nicotine shots as needed, vapers can save money in the long run.
Nicotine concentrates come in compact bottles, making them easier to store and transport. This is particularly advantageous for vapers who prefer to carry their e-liquids with them.
The use of nicotine shots can lead to less waste, as vapers can reuse their e-liquid bottles and only purchase nicotine shots when needed. This environmentally conscious approach aligns with the UK's commitment to sustainability.
Mixing nicotine shots with e-liquids requires an extra step in the vaping process. While this is straightforward for most, it may be seen as a minor inconvenience by some.
Achieving the desired nicotine strength demands precise measurements and calculations, which might be intimidating for newcomers to vaping. However, numerous online calculators and tools are available to simplify this process.
Pre-mixed e-liquids come ready to use, eliminating the need for any additional steps or calculations. This simplicity can be appealing to beginners.
Pre-mixed e-liquids offer consistent nicotine strength and flavor, ensuring that each bottle delivers the same vaping experience.
Many pre-mixed e-liquids are available in a vast array of flavors, catering to various tastes and preferences.
Pre-mixed e-liquids are typically available in set nicotine strengths, which may not align with every vaper's preference. This limitation can be a drawback for those seeking precise control over their nicotine intake.
Pre-mixed e-liquids can be more expensive in the long run, especially for vapers who consume e-liquid frequently, as the convenience of pre-mixed options often comes at a higher price point.
Pre-mixed e-liquids usually result in more waste, as vapers often discard empty bottles with each purchase.
In the United Kingdom, both options are readily available to cater to the diverse needs and preferences of vapers. The choice between nicotine liquid shots and pre-mixed e-liquids ultimately comes down to personal preferences, experience level, and the importance placed on customization and cost.
Nicotine shots, with their ability to customize nicotine strength, offer vapers in the United Kingdom a highly flexible approach to their vaping experience. While using nicotine shots is relatively straightforward, understanding the process and adhering to safety measures is essential. In this section, we'll guide you through the step-by-step process of incorporating nicotine shots into your e-liquids.
Before you begin, ensure you have the necessary supplies:
Nicotine shot(s) of your desired strength.
Nicotine-free base e-liquid.
Empty e-liquid bottles.
Gloves and eye protection (recommended for safety).
Determine the nicotine strength you want to achieve in your e-liquid mix. Calculate the quantity of nicotine shot and nicotine-free base e-liquid needed to reach this strength using the formula mentioned in the previous section.
Select a clean and well-ventilated area for your mixing. Place your supplies within reach, and ensure that you have a stable surface to work on. Wearing gloves and eye protection can provide an extra layer of safety, especially when handling concentrated nicotine.
Using a syringe or dropper, measure and add the calculated quantity of nicotine shot to your empty e-liquid bottle. Be precise with your measurements to achieve the desired nicotine strength accurately.
Measure and add the required quantity of nicotine-free base e-liquid to the same bottle. This step dilutes the concentrated nicotine, creating your final e-liquid mix.
After adding both the nicotine shot and the nicotine-free base, securely close the bottle and shake it vigorously to ensure thorough mixing. This ensures a uniform distribution of nicotine throughout the e-liquid.
Properly label the e-liquid bottle to indicate the nicotine strength, flavor, and any other relevant information. This is especially important if you have multiple e-liquids with different nicotine concentrations to avoid confusion.
Store your mixed e-liquids in a cool, dark place, away from direct sunlight and heat. Ensure that you keep them out of reach of children and pets, following recommended safety precautions.
Now that you have your custom e-liquid with the desired nicotine strength, you're ready to enjoy your vaping experience. It's crucial to use your e-cigarette or vaping device responsibly, adhering to UK regulations, which include age restrictions and other safety measures.
DIY e-liquid mixing is a craft that has gained popularity among vaping enthusiasts, offering a higher level of customization and a sense of accomplishment. In the United Kingdom, where vaping culture is thriving, many vapers opt for creating their own e-liquids using nicotine shots. In this section, we'll explore the world of DIY e-liquid mixing, from the tools you'll need to flavor combinations and expert advice.
Before embarking on your DIY e-liquid mixing journey, gather the essential tools and ingredients:
Clean, empty e-liquid bottles to store your mixes.
For precise measurements.
For safety when handling nicotine.
To protect your eyes.
To mark your e-liquid bottles with relevant information.
Choose nicotine shots of your preferred strength.
This serves as the foundation of your mix.
A wide range of flavor concentrates are available, allowing you to create your favorite flavor profiles.
Choose a clean and well-ventilated area. Ensure that you have a stable surface to work on.
Wear latex gloves and safety glasses to protect your skin and eyes when handling nicotine shots.
Determine the nicotine strength and flavor profile you want to achieve. Calculate the quantity of nicotine shots, nicotine-free base e-liquid, and flavor concentrates required.
Using a syringe or pipette, measure and add the necessary quantity of nicotine shots to your empty e-liquid bottle.
Measure and add the required quantity of nicotine-free base e-liquid to the same bottle. This dilutes the concentrated nicotine to your desired strength.
Based on your flavor preferences, add the chosen flavor concentrates to the mix. Follow the recommended dosage for the specific flavor you're using, as these can vary.
Seal the bottle and shake it vigorously to ensure even distribution of nicotine and flavors.
Properly label the bottle with information about the nicotine strength, flavor, and any other relevant details. Clear labeling is vital, especially if you have multiple e-liquids with different characteristics.
Many DIY e-liquid mixtures benefit from steeping, which involves allowing the mix to sit for a specific period to enhance the flavor. Steeping times can vary depending on the flavor and are a matter of personal preference.
Store your DIY e-liquids in a cool, dark place away from sunlight and heat, following recommended safety precautions to keep them out of reach of children and pets.
The world of DIY e-liquid mixing offers endless possibilities for flavor combinations. To create a truly exceptional e-liquid, consider expert insights and experiment with different flavor profiles. There are countless resources and communities of experienced mixers who share their knowledge and recipes, allowing you to discover new and exciting flavors.
In the UK, there's a growing community of DIY mixers who share their expertise and favorite recipes online. These communities often discuss the latest flavor concentrates, the best techniques, and safety practices to ensure a rewarding and safe DIY mixing experience.
When you become proficient at DIY e-liquid mixing, you'll have the power to craft e-liquids tailored to your exact specifications. This level of personalization is a significant draw for many vapers in the UK and worldwide.
The United Kingdom has implemented a robust regulatory framework to govern the sale, use, and safety of vaping products, including nicotine strength additives and e-liquids. Understanding these regulations is paramount for both retailers and consumers to ensure compliance with the law and, more importantly, the well-being of vapers. In this section, we'll explore the key regulations and compliance measures in the UK vaping industry.
In the UK, one of the fundamental regulations is the limitation on the maximum nicotine strength of e-cigarettes and e-liquids. The maximum allowable nicotine strength for these products is 20mg/ml. This restriction is in place to mitigate the risk of nicotine poisoning, especially among individuals who may accidentally ingest or misuse vaping products.
It's essential for consumers to be aware of this limitation when customizing their nicotine strength with nicotine shots. Staying within the legal limit ensures both your safety and compliance with UK regulations.
Age restrictions on the sale of vaping products are strictly enforced in the United Kingdom. Retailers are legally obligated to verify the age of their customers to prevent sales to individuals under the age of 18. This regulation aligns with the broader goal of protecting minors from the potential harms associated with nicotine use.
As a responsible vaper, always be prepared to provide proof of age when purchasing vaping products, whether in-store or online. This measure ensures that vaping remains an adult-only activity in the UK.
UK regulations include specific packaging requirements for nicotine shots and e-liquids to enhance safety. These requirements aim to minimize the risk of accidental ingestion, especially by children. Key aspects of packaging regulations include:
All nicotine-containing products, including nicotine shots, must be sold in child-resistant packaging to prevent unintentional access by young children.
Products should feature tamper-evident seals, providing an additional layer of safety assurance to consumers.
Proper labeling is essential. Products should include information such as nicotine strength, ingredients, and safety warnings to educate consumers and promote responsible use.
In the UK, manufacturers and sellers of vaping products must adhere to a notification scheme, providing detailed information about the products they offer. This scheme helps regulatory authorities track and monitor vaping products in the market, ensuring their safety and compliance with regulations.
The advertising and promotion of vaping products in the UK are also subject to strict regulations. This includes restrictions on marketing tactics that could appeal to children and non-smokers. Any advertising must be clear, honest, and not misleading, emphasizing the importance of responsible marketing practices.
The Classification, Labeling, and Packaging (CLP) regulations, derived from the European Union, also apply in the UK. These regulations dictate how substances and mixtures, including those found in vaping products, are classified, labeled, and packaged to ensure consumer safety.
Understanding and complying with these regulations is crucial for both vapers and the industry as a whole, as it contributes to the safe and responsible use of vaping products in the UK. Retailers and manufacturers play a significant role in adhering to these regulations, but consumers also have a responsibility to stay informed and make informed choices when purchasing and using vaping products.
The safety and health implications of vaping, including the use of nicotine strength additives, are topics of significant concern and scrutiny, both in the United Kingdom and around the world. While vaping is generally considered a less harmful alternative to traditional smoking, it is not without its own set of safety concerns and health considerations. In this section, we'll delve into these issues and provide insights into responsible vaping practices in the UK.
The most immediate safety concern of vaping relates to nicotine exposure. Nicotine is an addictive substance, and excessive use or misuse of vaping products, especially those with high nicotine concentrations, can lead to nicotine poisoning. It's crucial for vapers to be aware of the nicotine strength in their e-liquids and to use these products responsibly, especially in the UK, where a maximum nicotine strength limit of 20mg/ml is enforced.
Vaping devices are powered by lithium-ion batteries, which can pose safety risks if mishandled. Instances of battery explosions and fires have been reported. To mitigate this risk, vapers should follow the manufacturer's guidelines for battery usage and avoid using damaged or counterfeit batteries.
The quality of e-liquids and nicotine shots varies across brands and products. Ensuring that you purchase high-quality, reputable products is essential to minimize the risk of contamination or unwanted substances in your e-liquids. In the UK, adherence to regulations and standards by manufacturers and retailers is a crucial aspect of safety.
Poorly manufactured or modified vaping devices can pose risks. Always use devices that are certified and have passed safety standards. Regular maintenance and responsible device handling are key to avoiding accidents.
Vaping, particularly when using nicotine-containing products, can lead to nicotine addiction. Prochaska et al (2019) found that nicotine is a highly addictive substance, and regular use can result in dependence.
While vaping is generally considered less harmful than smoking, it is not risk-free. Cao et al (2020) established that the inhalation of aerosolized e-liquids may still have adverse effects on respiratory health, although these are typically less severe than those associated with traditional tobacco smoking.
Vaping is a relatively recent phenomenon, and the long-term health effects are not fully understood. Continuous research and studies are being conducted to better ascertain the potential long-term risks associated with vaping.
A significant concern is the appeal of vaping to youth and non-smokers. Regulations in the UK aim to prevent the marketing and sale of vaping products to minors. It's crucial to prevent young individuals from starting vaping and ensure that these products are intended for smokers seeking alternatives.
To mitigate safety concerns and address health implications, vapers in the UK are encouraged to follow these responsible vaping practices:
Understand the nicotine strength of your e-liquids and the potential risks associated with nicotine use. Make informed choices regarding your vaping products.
Purchase e-liquids and nicotine shots from reputable manufacturers and retailers who adhere to UK regulations and quality standards.
Adhere to safety guidelines for handling and storing vaping products, including nicotine shots and e-liquids.
Comply with age restrictions, packaging requirements, and other vaping regulations in the UK to promote responsible use.
If you are a current or former smoker, consider regular health checkups to monitor your respiratory health.
If you find it challenging to manage your nicotine use, seek support from healthcare professionals or smoking cessation programs.
Responsible vaping practices are essential to ensure that vaping remains a safer alternative to traditional smoking and continues to evolve as a harm-reduction strategy in the UK.
To provide a well-rounded perspective on the use and safety of nicotine-infused e-liquids and vaping in the United Kingdom, we've gathered insights and quotes from experts in the field of vaping. These experts offer valuable knowledge and opinions that shed light on various aspects of vaping, from safety and health considerations to the role of nicotine shots in the UK market.
According to Dr. John V. Britton, Professor of Epidemiology, University of Nottingham, "Vaping is less harmful than smoking, but it is not without risks. While smokers who switch to vaping are likely to reduce their health risks, it is vital that vaping is not seen as entirely safe, particularly among non-smokers and young people. The UK has a pragmatic approach to vaping and regulates products to minimize risks. For smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit, vaping offers a safer alternative."
Louise Ross, Vice-Chair of the New Nicotine Alliance (NNA), shares her views, "Nicotine shots play a crucial role in the UK market by providing an affordable and customizable solution for vapers who wish to reduce their nicotine intake or stay smoke-free. It is essential to follow UK regulations and guidelines to ensure a safe and enjoyable vaping experience, all while remembering that the goal is to help smokers quit traditional tobacco."
According to Dr. Lion Shahab, Associate Professor of Health Psychology, University College London, "E-cigarettes can be an effective tool for smoking cessation. However, they are not without risks, particularly if used by non-smokers and young people. Nicotine shots, when used responsibly, offer a valuable means for individuals to tailor their nicotine consumption and gradually reduce their dependency on nicotine."
Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos, Researcher in Cardiology and Public Health, University of West Attica, shares his views, "Nicotine shots are a valuable tool for smokers attempting to quit. Customizing nicotine strength can help individuals gradually reduce their nicotine dependence, and evidence suggests that long-term vaping is substantially less harmful than continued smoking. However, it is vital to balance harm reduction with vigilance, especially among young people and non-smokers."
Nicotine shots, also known as nicotine boosters or concentrates, are small bottles of concentrated nicotine solution. Vapers use them to adjust the nicotine strength of their e-liquids. By adding a nicotine shot to an e-liquid, vapers can customize the nicotine level to their preference.
Nicotine shots are generally safe when used as directed. However, because they contain highly concentrated nicotine, safe handling is essential. It's important to follow safety precautions, such as wearing gloves, to prevent skin contact. Additionally, always keep nicotine shots out of reach of children and pets.
To calculate the final nicotine strength, you can use the formula:
Final Nicotine Strength (mg/ml) = (Nicotine Shot Strength (mg/ml) * Volume of Nicotine Shot Used) + (Base E-Liquid Strength (mg/ml) * Volume of Base E-Liquid Used) / Total Volume of the Mixture
In the United Kingdom, regulations include a maximum nicotine strength limit of 20mg/ml, age restrictions to prevent sales to individuals under 18, packaging requirements for child-resistant and tamper-evident containers, and clear labeling to provide essential information to consumers.
Nicotine shots offer customization, cost-effectiveness, and reduced environmental impact. Vapers can fine-tune their nicotine strength, save money by using nicotine-free base e-liquids, and reduce waste by reusing bottles.
While vaping is considered less harmful than smoking, it is not without risks. Vaping can lead to nicotine addiction, and inhaling e-liquids may have effects on respiratory health. Responsible vaping practices, adhering to regulations, and seeking support when needed are essential to minimize these risks.
In this comprehensive guide, we've journeyed through the realm of nicotine shots and vaping, exploring the intricacies of these products and their relevance to the United Kingdom. From understanding what nicotine shots are to comprehending nicotine strength, the distinctions between nicotine shots and pre-mixed e-liquids, and the art of DIY e-liquid mixing, we've delved deep into the world of vaping.
The United Kingdom, with its pragmatic approach to vaping, offers vapers a thriving and regulated market where personalization and harm reduction are prioritized. The use of nicotine shots allows vapers to tailor their nicotine intake with precision, making it a vital component of the vaping landscape.
Throughout this guide, we've highlighted the importance of adhering to UK regulations and responsible vaping practices. From age restrictions and packaging requirements to nicotine strength limitations, the UK places a strong emphasis on ensuring the safety and well-being of vapers and preventing access to vaping products by minors.
Safety concerns and health implications have also been addressed, recognizing that while vaping is a less harmful alternative to traditional smoking, it is not entirely without risks. Responsible vaping practices, such as using reputable products, following safety guidelines, and seeking support when needed, are paramount to a safe and satisfying vaping experience.
Expert insights from renowned professionals in the field of vaping have underscored the importance of harm reduction for smokers, responsible vaping choices, and the role of nicotine shots in assisting individuals in their journey to quit smoking.
As the world of vaping continues to evolve, vapers in the United Kingdom have the tools and knowledge to make informed and responsible choices. Whether you're a seasoned vaper or someone considering vaping as a smoking cessation strategy, understanding the nuances of vaping, nicotine shots, and compliance with UK regulations empowers you to enjoy a safer and more personalized vaping experience.
References
Cao, D. J., Aldy, K., Hsu, S., McGetrick, M., Verbeck, G., De Silva, I., & Feng, S. Y. (2020). Review of health consequences of electronic cigarettes and the outbreak of electronic cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury. Journal of medical toxicology, 16, 295-310.
Prochaska, J. J., &Benowitz, N. L. (2019). Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction. Science advances, 5(10), eaay9763.
Ruether, T., Hagedorn, D., Schiela, K., Schettgen, T., Osiander-Fuchs, H., &Schober, W. (2018). Nicotine delivery efficiency of first-and second-generation e-cigarettes and its impact on relief of craving during the acute phase of use. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(2), 191-198.
